The Transition in Sylvia Plath’s Work - 1438 Words

Life has been some combination of fairy-tale coincidence and joie de vivre and shocks of beauty together with some hurtful self-questioning. --The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath It has been almost 50 years since the American literary community lost one of its greatest treasures, Sylvia Plath. Even in recent days, numerous scholars are still studying many admirable qualities in Plath’s collection of work. She has developed a unique writing style and performed thoroughly at an early age. Over the years, the events of her life highly affect the focus of her work. This transition is evident in her use of colors, object, and most importantly, her purpose for producing each poem. Plath’s development is presented clearly in her juvenilia poem†¦show more content†¦The beginning of the feminist movement did not help Plath to seek independence. Instead it indirectly caused a new round of obsession of doubting her ability to write. According to Pamela J. Annas, â€Å"Sylvia Plath’s sense of entrapment, her sense that her choices are profoundly limited, is directly connected to the particular time and place in which she wrote her poetryâ €  (Annas). Allusion is a typical strategy that is used in Plath’s work. â€Å"A Life† indicated the return of darkness in her work, and the sorrow sensation was noticeable via dramatic object change. The frustration of being haunted by unhappiness results in an invisible â€Å"bailiwick† that is â€Å"clear as a tear†. The description of round shape â€Å"bailiwick† further demonstrated how the sickness has overpowered her: â€Å"A woman† is â€Å"dragging her shadow in a circle†, and for a life, she wishes that â€Å"it won’t shrink like an eyeball†. The actions of flicking the â€Å"glass† with a â€Å"fingernail†, and listen to the sound â€Å"ping like a Chinese chime in the slightest air stir† are parallels with some of the images she later elaborate in the novel â€Å"The Bell Jar†. They illustrate what is it like to live in the bizarre, hollow mental prison she built around her. And in the followin g three lines, she wrote out her disappointment of being ignored by the closest ones in life: â€Å"Though nobody in there looks up or bothers to answer. Every one of them permanently busy.† Those words indicated how they truly tear Plath’s heart into pieces.Show MoreRelatedContributions Of Sylvia Plath1302 Words   |  6 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s pivotal work regarding social and moral issues of his day and Sigmund Freud’s writing pertaining to peoples’ mental health are just a few of examples of profound writers who contributed to the growth and development of literature. Sylvia Plath was also a profound writer and one of the most respected poets and prose writer of her time as well. She was once described as â€Å"one of the most celebrated and controversial of postwar poets writing in English† (â€Å"Sylvia Plath†). Many of her poemsRead MoreSylvia Plath is an American Writer who Writes Confessional Poems about her Life1117 Words    |  4 PagesSylvia Plath is an American writer, commonly known for her poetry works. Her poetry can be categorized as â€Å"confessional poetry†, which are poems about the poet’s personal life. Her two most famous published collections of poems are The Colossus and Other Poemsand Ariel, but it was not until after Plath’s death that The Bell Jarwas published. The Bell Jar is considered a more personal and semi-autobiographical novel. Throughout Sylvia Plath’s lifetime, she suffered mentally since she was a littleRead MoreOne Art By Sylvia Plath Critical Analysis1446 Words   |  6 Pagesmissing sock to the often overwhelming loss of the death of a loved one, loss comes to everyone in various forms. The nature of loss, however, makes it a rich topic for poetic endeavors. In both â€Å"One Art† by Elizabeth Bishop and â€Å"Lady Lazarus† by Sylvia Plath, the poets write to conceptualize and understand their losses, ultimately applying radicall y opposing solutions to the same emotional struggle. Elizabeth Bishop was a high-caliber poet known for her excellent use of form and technical geniusRead MoreEssay On Sylvia Plath1607 Words   |  7 PagesEveryone knows that life is hard. But for some, it’s as if life itself picked them out to labor the worst of what it has to offer. Sylvia Plath was a confessional poet, using her personal experiences and very real situations to give â€Å"negative† emotions the artistic charm and characteristics traditionally saved for â€Å"positive† emotions. Her father died in her eighth year of life, and although this event tormented her until her own death, time went on. She married Ted Hughes, the two of them encouragingRead MoreEssay on The Dark Life and Confessional Poetry of Sylvia Plath2207 Words   |  9 Pagesand family. An important contributor to contemporary and confessional poetry was Sylvia Plath, who employed personal aspects of her life into her style of confessional poetry. Plath suffered from a deep depres sion that influenced her to often write in a dark, melancholy style. This depression included two suicide attempts of which she wrote before succeeding in suicide at the age of 30. An important facet of Plaths poetry was the distinctive development of the speaker, who, in her poem Gigolo,Read MorePersonal Ambition And Self Respect By Mary Jane Ward s The Snake Pit, The Bell Jar1461 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Ambition and Self-Respect in The Bell Jar Inspired by Mary Jane Ward’s The Snake Pit, The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath was released in 1963 and discusses a great deal of how difficult it was to be a woman in the 1960s. The 1960s was a struggling time for women; society set standards that women felt obligated to follow. Society told women that their only jobs were to get married, have children, and become homemakers, and if a woman did not fall under all of these categories, she was consideredRead MoreSylvia Plath Mad Girls Love Song Analysis1487 Words   |  6 PagesThe Eternal Dance of Dualities. Sylvia Plath wrote â€Å"Mad Girl’s Love Song† in the early fifties while she was an undergraduate college student. The poem is written in the villanelle poetic form of which it reflects not only the rigorous fixed format, nineteen-line with two repeating rhymes and two refrains but also the melancholic tone and rhythm of the traditional dance song—in vogue in Italy and France during the sixteenth century—in which its roots lie. The title itself offers a plausible explanationRead MoreHow To Write Literary Analysis4174 Words   |  17 Pagesof your own life. There are as many different, valid ways of reading a book as there are books in the world. When you read a work of literature in an English class, however, you’re being asked to read in a special way: You’re being asked to perform literary analysis. To analyze something means to break it down into smaller parts and then examine how those parts work, both individually and together. Literary analysis involves examining all the parts of a novel, play, short story, or poem—elementsRead MoreLiterary Group in British Poetry5631 Words   |  23 Pageswide in breadth. Beowulf is the only heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others such as Waldere and the Finnesburg Fragment show that it was not unique in its time. Other genres include much religious verse, from devotional works to biblical paraphrase; elegies such as The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and The Ruin (often taken to be a description of the ruins of Bath); and numerous proverbs, riddles, and charms. With one notable exception (Rhyming Poem), Anglo-Saxon poetry depends

The Process Of Amending The Us Constitution - 1759 Words

1. The process of amending the US Constitution is an intentionally difficult one. Yet those in each branch of government have found ways in which the Constitution can be changed informally. Describe the methods, both formal and informal, of constitutional change. Article V of the Constitution was formed through a compromise that stated that congress or a convention of states has amendment power. This is known as the formal process, in which two steps are utilized: proposal and ratification. Any member of the House of Representatives or the Senate can propose to amend the Constitution. If it is approved by two-thirds of the originating house of congress, whether is it the Senate or the House of Representatives, it is then sent to the other side for a vote. If it again receives a two-thirds vote it will be sent to the states for ratification. The convention of states also has the ability to amend the Constitution, however this is very unlikely. To force congress to hold a convention two-thirds of the state legislatures would have to apply for such a convention. Although many applications have been sent, never in history has a convention like this been held. On the off chance that either happens, the proposed amendment will be required to have a three-fourths vote of the state to become part of the Constitution. Since this formal procedure is extremely difficult to complete, the amendments delivered have an extensive impact. For example the first 10 amendments, known as theShow MoreRelatedBan Banning Campus Firearms Bans833 Words   |  4 PagesThe Indiana Constitution explicitly says that †The Supreme Court shall have, in all appeals of criminal cases, the power to review all questions of law and to review and revise the sentence imposed† (Article 1 Section 4). Consequently, based in this legal definition, the Supreme Court is banned on providing advisory opinions, including an advisory opinion on constitutionality of Prohibiting campus firearms bans and in any other issue, expects the criminal cases. Indiana Constitution, guarantees theRead MoreFederalism: A Research Draft639 Words   |  3 Pagesare different from one another on questions that are useful in nature. I agree. But the significant point is tha t they are territorially prepared. Such areas obviously change in opinions, in benefit, in composition, in purpose; but this simply brings us back to the spot that they differ (Watts, 2009). If there were no useful distinctions, there may be no need for federalism. But the point to highlight is that these useful differences are territorially grouped; and therefore they give a reason for andRead MoreThe United States Bill Of Rights882 Words   |  4 Pagesratified December 15, 1791. The Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments to the Constitution that were established to defend our rights as individuals and as American citizens. The Bill of Rights describes the rights of its people. The first four articles of the amendments deal specifically with the balance of power between the federal government and state government. There were some people who opposed to the Constitution because they felt that a national government was a risk to a person’s individualRead MoreThe Constitutional Debate Of The United States1610 Words   |  7 Pagesgeneral Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America ( Rakove 107). The United States Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was originally written on four pieces of parchment paper behind closed by white men who gained acceptance by the citizens. The constitution created a government that is for the people and by the people. Through the years it has had the ability to changeRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Electoral College1167 Words   |  5 Pagesamended because it poorly illustrates democracy, is outdated and Electoral College Reform The voting process in America appears straightforward, but it is a very complex, complicated system. The Electoral College is America’s current voting system. The Electoral College still serves its intended purpose, but with increasing political activity among Americans it has caused a need to reform this process. Research suggests that the Electoral College system should be amended because it poorly illustratesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Anchor Babies And The 14th Amendment1686 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica, a place where people can express freedom. America, ruled by democracy helps the people express their freedom by the constitution. Every four to eight years there is a new president that people would elect to govern and maintain the prosperity of America. One of the candidates is Donald Trump, a wealthy businessman and can be described as having â€Å"blind ambition and gigantic ego† (Carroll), who decided to run for president during the 2016 presidential election. Although he is leading the pollsRead MoreThe Main Functions Of The Constitution882 Words   |  4 Pages The Constitution has three major functions. The first function is that it creates the national government which includes the checks and balances it balances out the three branches of government to make sure one does not over power the other, those three branches include; the legislative, the executive and the judicial branch. The second function of the constitution is to divide the power between the federal and the state government making sure each side gets to have a say but to also be sure oneRead MoreArizona Statehoodv and Constitution1765 Words   |  8 PagesInstead rather, Arizona has a unique history of territorial struggles on its way to become a state. When looking at the history of Arizona it can be broken down into different periods: pre-territorial, territorial, and becoming a state. First, let us look at the pre-territorial period, during which Arizona belonged to the Spanish, Mexican and the U.S. Expeditions by Spanish explorers Marcos de Niza and Franciso Vasquez de Coronado helped establish Spanish qualities in the area that is now knownRead MoreThe Constitution And Its Effects On The United States931 Words   |  4 Pages The constitution was the secound type of government on the Untited States.It s a document that explains, how the government should act; what it can do and can t do. The constitution is divided into seven articles. Article one establishes the legislative branch. It talks about the necessary and proper clause which means that congress has the power to pass any law that is necessary. It explains expressed powers and implied powers. Expressed powers are the power to tax, to raise an army and a navyRead MoreT he Constitution Of The United States1337 Words   |  6 PagesA constitution is defined as the system of fundamental principles according to which a nation, state, or those of such nature are governed. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme law over our nation as a set of rules in which our country is run. In addition to following the rules of the national constitution Texas also has its own constitution as wall as every other state’s; Texas’s is among the longest. Similarly to the United States Constitution, the structure and function

Diabetic foot Infections with Osteomyelitis

Question: Describe about the Diabetic foot infections with osteomyelitis? Answer: Treatment Procedure And Management Plan As the lady is 60 years old and she is suffering diabetes type 2 from last 15 years, general treatment of osteomyelitis is not favorable, as generally its treatment includes use of antibiotics and in some severe cases it need surgery. As surgery for diabetic patient has a great risk for infection and takes a lot of time to heal, even it can be detrimental to her health. Therefore, surgery will not be the best treatment for her. Her treatment process must start with medication such as antibiotics through injection in the beginning to get quick relief and take a record of the symptom and sign of recovery. Keeping in mind of her age, surgery may not be an ideal choice for her treatment, if medication cannot heal her, the last way out will be to ampute her limb (Widatalla et al., 2012). Even a new way of treatment that is hyperbaric oxygen treatment may help her as in this case, the healing process speeds up and it slows down the spread of infection. The management plan depends upon the course of her treatment. It includes regular maintaining of blood sugar and a proper healthy diet. Physical rehabilitation is required at the time of her recovery process. Overall, both the physical rehabilitation and medicational treatment are the important plan in management of her treatment. Tests Combination test and procedures are essential for her diabetic foot osteomyelitis treatment, to resolve which bacteria is causing this infection (Shank and Feibel, 2006) Blood test testing blood will reveal the level of eminent white blood cell, which may indicate that her body is fighting against this infection. It may also give an idea on what kind of germ is causing this infection. Thus, this will give a hint to the doctor to decide what procedure or test is required for her further treatment. Imaging test like X-rays, computerized tomography (CT) scan, ultra scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may reveal the extent of damaged bone. Bone biopsy is a standard way of diagnosing osteomyelitis as it reveal the exact kind of germ infecting her bone, thus knowing the exact germ which is causing infection helps the doctor to choose the particular antibiotic for her treatment Treatment Options For Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis Patients Treatment of diabetic foot osteomyelitis depends on the patient condition If the patient has quickly diagnosed with acute osteomyelitis then antibiotic course for six weeks may give a good result. Firstly, the patient takes intravenous injection if this improves the condition of patient then the treatment switch to intake of antibiotic. In unusual cases fungal infection cause osteomyelitis in this case antifungal medicines are used (Hartemann-Heurtier and Senneville, 2008). If the patient is suffering from chronic osteomyelitis then they may need both the medication as well as surgery. In severe cases, the damaged tissue or bone is surgically removed and sometimes if there are unfilled spaces in the bone, it is packed with antibiotic loaded material (Melamed and Peled, 2012). Another non-surgical treatment called hyperbaric oxygen therapy may help in treating acute cases. Reference Widatalla, A., Mahadi, S., Shawer, M., Mahmoud, S., Abdelmageed, A. and Ahmed, M. (2012). Diabetic foot infections with osteomyelitis: efficacy of combined surgical and medical treatment.Diabetic Foot Ankle, 3(0). Hartemann-Heurtier, A. and Senneville, E. (2008). Diabetic foot osteomyelitis.Diabetes Metabolism, 34(2), pp.87-95. Shank, C. and Feibel, J. (2006). Osteomyelitis in the Diabetic Foot: Diagnosis and Management.Foot and Ankle Clinics, 11(4), pp.775-789. Melamed, E. and Peled, E. (2012). Antibiotic Impregnated Cement Spacer for Salvage of Diabetic Osteomyelitis.Foot Ankle Int, 33(03), pp.213-219.

Naguib Mahfouz Biography and his role in Arabic Literature

Biography of Naguib Mahfouz Naguib Mahfouz was born on the eleventh day of December 1911 in Cairo, Egypt to middle class parents. He grew up in Gamaliya district and this provided him with rich content that saw the writing of Cairo Trilogy. With time, his family migrated to Abbasiya suburb which was a little bit upscale. Naguib read many detective novels of British origin and this stirred him up to become a writer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Naguib Mahfouz Biography and his role in Arabic Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He went to elementary schools of Islam orientation before he moved to a secular secondary school. He published his first article when he was 17 years old and joined King Fouad University after high school. Before Mahfouz turned 21, his first novel was published and attained a degree in philosophy. He worked in the ministry of culture where he served as a director before terminatin g his service in the government when he headed the State Cinema Organization (Aucpress, 2010). Naguib had an unrelenting desire of becoming a writer and as a result, he began writing at the tender age of eleven years. His first writing was published when he was seventeen years old. He finished writing Cairo Trilogy in 1952 but failed to get a publisher till the decade ended. The failure to get a publisher disturbed Mahfouz so much that he decided to focus on writing screenplays and short stories. However, the trilogy was published by a certain monthly journal. The publication of the Trilogy gave Mahfouz unprecedented recognition as he was rated one of the best Arabic authors. However, he was not widely known outside his country until his trilogy was announced the winner of 1988 literature Nobel Prize. He is recognized as a writer who provided a glimpse that had never been witnessed in the daily lives of Egyptians. He was described by many as an author who introduced Arab literature to the rest of the world. Mahfouz started writing novels again and produced Children of Gebelawi. The novel which first featured in a newspaper contained religious overtones that caused Islamic conservatives to be agitated. The novel did not pass for publication as a book and Mahfouz continued getting threats but he did not stop till 1994. Egyptian extremists were against him, igniting enmity that caused him to be stabbed outside his home building. This caused a serious injury on the hand Mahfouz used to write with. He went for rehabilitation to recover but the wound still gave him problems when writing. The attack did not dampen his spirit and he maintained a social life in Cairo though he was a bit shy (imdb, 2011). Mahfouz won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1998 making him the first author of Arab origin to get such an honor. He never used to move out of Cairo so he sent his daughters to receive the prize in his absence. This award gave him worldwide recognition and his works could now be published in many different languages.Advertising Looking for essay on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He was celebrated for portraying in a vivid manner the political, social and religious challenges that the people of Egypt were going through. The total number of novels by Mahfouz that were published exceeded 50 and many short stories. He remained active even when he was 90 years old and always met with his friends in cafes to discuss current affairs. He died in August 2006 when he was 94 as a result of a bleeding ulcer. Mahfouz Role in Arabic Literature Mahfouz is among the Arabic authors who contributed significantly to Arabic literature. In his first novel the Cairo Trilogy, Mahfouz explains how women were oppressed by being subjected to servitude. In this novel, he shows his devotion to Arabic Literature by trying to expose social injustices and realities that were taking place in Egypt. A person reading the works of Mahfouz is in a position to understand the economical, social and political life in Egypt during this period of time. Mahfouz explores the social and environmental life of the people of Cairo for the reader to understand the situation. He also explores the trials that were imposed against the powerless children by the society. His literature is crucial in tracing the social instabilities between the past and the present and putting them in a point where they could be understood (Allegrreto, 2007). The literature of Mahfouz enriches Arabic readers by highlighting the traditional past that gave rise to reforms and focuses on challenges that women were going through. Most of his writings were filled with political topics as he once pointed out. He once said that in his writings, he might ignore topics like love or any other topic but he will never leave politics outside his writings. He featured the Egyptian nationalism in most of his writings and expressed the dis heartening and sympathetic situations that were as a result of the world wars. He was also interested in democratic and socialist ideals although he never became a Marxist. Contrary to the sympathy Mahfouz had on democracy and socialism, he highly detested the Islamic extremism. He argued that Islam was delineated and said that it was unsuitable under all circumstances. Conclusion Mahfouz was disheartened by the revolution of 1952 and the shameful defeat of Egypt in 1967 in the war that took six days. He strongly opposed the 1952 revolution because he had a feeling that the practices of the revolution were not the right ones. Mahfouz clearly took a central role in Arabic literature by highlighting the wars that took place and the suffering Egyptians went through. His literature was also aimed at restoring peace and ending the war. References Allegrreto, P. (2007). Naguib Mahfouz: a western and eastern cage of female entrapment. New York: Cambria Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Naguib Mahfouz Biography and his role in Arabic Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Aucpress. (2010). Naguib Mahfouz. Web. imdb. (2011). Biography for Naguib Mahfouz. Available from  https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0536914/bio . This essay on Naguib Mahfouz Biography and his role in Arabic Literature was written and submitted by user Bridger Jensen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

5 Events and Incidents That Never Happened

5 Events and Incidents That Never Happened 5 Events and Incidents That Never Happened 5 Events and Incidents That Never Happened By Mark Nichol Remember when they booed Bob Dylan for going electric at the Newport Folk Festival? And isn’t it disgusting how military personnel returning from serving in the Vietnam War were routinely spat on by antiwar protesters? Those were more or less reprehensible behaviors or they would have been if they had actually occurred. But these incidents, and a few others also outlined below, are all overstated or outright fabricated, loosely based on actual events but bearing little or no resemblance to them. 1. Electric Dylan The accounts that suggest that Bob Dylan was not well received the first time he, backed by members of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, played live with an electric guitar stemmed from Dylan’s own misperception of the audience reaction and some faulty memories. Some audience members were upset, but only because Dylan’s set was so short. And master of ceremonies Peter Yarrow (of Peter, Paul, and Mary fame), who was said to have been incensed at the sound, was not angered by electrified Dylan but by the poor quality of the amplified sound. Some concertgoers and critics alike did later complain about Dylan, but it was his perceived shift toward more commercial songwriting that caused their ire, with perhaps some confused bandwagon-jumping criticism of his amplification. 2. Spitting on Veterans There were isolated incidences of hostile behavior toward soldiers returning from tours of duty in Vietnam, but their reception was generally very positive. Only later, when antiwar sentiment grew and some veterans traumatized by having fought in a hellish war and doing so on the losing side returned Stateside, did a few of them and their sympathizers begin to embellish these anomalous events and conflate them with isolated nonexpectorating protesters into a frequent and widespread occurrence. 3. Bra Burning In September 1968, in Atlantic City, a group of female protesters symbolically shed their adherence to society’s standards for femininity by tossing bras, girdles, cosmetics, and other beautification accouterments into a garbage can. Though there was supposedly a suggestion that the accumulation be ignited, no bras were burned at this seminal feminist event. Two years later, in Berkeley, California, a similar event that took place did involve combustion, but no widespread bra burning ever took place. (At neither event were bras actually removed and discarded.) One journalist’s metaphorical association of the demonstrators with draft-card burners apparently gave rise to a widespread misunderstanding that numerous such conflagrations occurred. 4. Hats Off It was once widely believed that just as Clark Gable, by not wearing a T-shirt under his dress shirt in the early screwball comedy It Happened One Night, supposedly inspired men to refrain from buying undershirts, with catastrophic results for their manufacturers, John F. Kennedy doomed the chapeau industry by going hatless at his inaugural ceremony. It’s easy to believe that if he did indeed go bareheaded, he was only following, and not precipitating, a trend, because hats were already going out of fashion. However, the entire premise is false: Multiple photographs depict him wearing a silk top hat as part of his formal attire throughout that day. 5. â€Å"Try Acting† Sir Laurence Olivier supposedly derided Dustin Hoffman’s efforts to prepare for the torture scene in the political thriller Marathon Man by going without sleep, asking him, â€Å"Why don’t you try acting?† In truth, Hoffman, whose first marriage was failing while he was filming the movie, showed up on the set one day looking bedraggled after partying at Studio 54. When Olivier, his costar, noticed his condition, Hoffman evasively said he had been staying up all night to get himself in the mind-set for a grueling scene. Olivier did offer the advice â€Å"Why don’t you try acting?† but it was in jest, and they shared a laugh over it. Relation to Writing So, what do these corrections have to do with writing? A great deal, it turns out. These myths and misperceptions were largely perpetuated by writing by people distorting facts in articles, books, and other written accounts of the events, followed by others regenerating the errors. The lesson to be learned is this: When you write about something, be sure you know what you’re writing about. Do not bolster fallacies by blindly accepting what you read or heard. Before incorporating historical events great or small into your fiction or nonfiction, investigate and corroborate. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Types of RhymeWhenever vs. When Ever10 Types of Hyphenation Errors

5 Mixed-Up Malapropisms

5 Mixed-Up Malapropisms 5 Mixed-Up Malapropisms 5 Mixed-Up Malapropisms By Mark Nichol It’s almost impossible to speak or write English without dodging a misnomer or a malapropism at least once in your lifetime. A misnomer (the word is derived from the Latin for â€Å"incorrect name†) is forgivable usually, it’s merely a matter of retaining an obsolete description, as in â€Å"pencil lead† for the graphite used in writing instruments, or referring to the United States as a democracy, when it’s technically a federal republic but a malapropism is a bald sign of carelessness or overreaching for elephants. Eloquence. I meant eloquence. Sometimes, of course, it’s used for comic effect. (That’s where we get the word malapropism. It comes from malapropos, the Latin for â€Å"inappropriate,† entering the English language when playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan used it as the name of a character who, out of ignorance, uttered humorous inanities.) Here are some examples of malapropisms to avoid: 1. â€Å"Her plans didn’t jive with his ambitions.† Jive means â€Å"to deceive†; the writer meant jibe, â€Å"to coincide†: â€Å"Her plans didn’t jibe with his ambitions.† 2. â€Å"Who was the first Englishman to circumvent the globe?† In one sense, circumvent means â€Å"to go around,† so it superficially works here, but the most common meaning is â€Å"to evade,† so, unless the Englishman was a fugitive astronaut, circumnavigate is the word the writer is looking for: â€Å"Who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe?† 3. â€Å"In outrage, she responded vehemently to the anti-Semitic epitaphs at the rally.† An epitaph is a commemorative inscription or comment about a deceased person. The correct word is epithets (an epithet, in this context, is an insult): â€Å"In outrage, she responded vehemently to the anti-Semitic epithets at the rally.† (Epithet can also mean a substituting word or phrase such as â€Å"the Father of Our Country† or, in biology, a term in a taxonomic name.) 4. â€Å"I awaited her arrival with baited breath.† Baited means â€Å"lured† or â€Å"teased† (or â€Å"attacked,† â€Å"harassed,† or â€Å"persecuted†). The writer should have written bated (â€Å"withheld†): â€Å"I awaited her arrival with bated breath.† 5. â€Å"I wouldn’t step foot in there if you paid me.† This substitution of step for set is a minor flaw, but the latter word is the standard idiom: â€Å"I wouldn’t set foot in there if you paid me.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of Phrases50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)

Operation Managment Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operation Managment Exam - Essay Example The paper that is collected from the scrap of paper production units are known as mill broke and the one that has been thrown out by the consumers are known as consumer waste. In this process the fibre is recycled for further production activity. "Fibre recycling is a specialized process in which office wastepaper is used to produce clean, recycled pulp that can be used to make recycled content paper and paperboards." (The Fibre Recycling Process. Paper Recycling, 2000). A Company might face several problems in the stock preparation plant. The papers that come for recycling are from different grades. The paper may be of news print, the one that is used in the offices, magazine papers that are very shiny, papers with plastic coating on it, and other papers that are coloured highly. In order to make these papers viable for recycling several grading and other process are to be carried on it. The grading process in the Stock preparation is a tedious job as there may be a lot of papers fr om different grades. Several treatments are to be given in order remove the waste materials in the waste papers. Therefore, the stock preparation process consumes more time. This tedious work in the grading process is one of the problems in the stock preparation plant. The next process after the recycling of the paper is the paper making process. The paper making process involves a lot of steps after grading. ... The paper is cut down into smaller pieces so that it mixes properly in the water. The resultant pulp is then cleaned through spinning. This cleaning process throws out the waste materials in the pulp. The ink removal process or de-inking is done in order to remove the colours in the pulp. Next the bleaching process is done in order to make the paper brighter. The resultant pulp is then treated in another machine that makes sheets of papers. The following diagram shows the process involved in the recycling of waste papers. (The Fibre Recycling Process, paper recycling, 2000). One of the problems likely to occur in the paper recycling process is at the de-inking step. The waste papers that are treated may be from different grades. Certain papers are highly colourful. More chemicals are to be used for removing the ink of such papers. This involves high cost. "Papers that are waxed, pasted, or gummed-or papers that are coated with plastic or aluminum foil-are usually not recycled because the process is too expensive." (Recycled paper, recycling paper and glass, 2006). If the cleaning process is not done properly the paper that is produced will contain several waste particles that can be clearly seen. Another major problem is that the paper that is produced after recycling differs very much in quality from that of the virgin paper. If any short fall happens in any of the step the quality of the paper that is produced will be affected by it. In what ways would you expect the recycled products to differ from their conventional counterparts What steps could you take in the production process to minimize these differences The paper that is recycled differs greatly from its conventional counterparts that are the virgin paper.

Representing Visual Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Representing Visual Culture - Essay Example Some scenes showed the factory at Jouey, and others rural scenes of workers relaxing drinking dancing, and womanising. Timorous Beasties have not actually changed much in the Toile concept, but have updated the references from the contemporary urban. The urban landscape in many UK cities seems to be changing all the time, modern buildings have become icons that give us a strong sense of identity, and there fore the London Toile seemed a perfect expression of where we were coming from. This fabric speaks so much about the lifestyle of the romantic, peaceful and carefree London. Printed in the fabric, were green different images of the romantic and carefree lifestyles in contrast to a cream linen which made it more beautiful and attractive. There are 8 images injected to a bright cream fabric, showered with flying and feeding doves were a images of lovers overlooking the Great London Bridge across the lake under the tree infront of bench. It is such a very romantic site which made this fabric perfectly ideal for lovers, designed to fit on sofa sets, love rests or even curtains in a lovers bedroom. Next to this image is the city itself, over... This peaceful and solemn serenity of the scene depicts the mood of the sunset, being ready for a relaxing dinner and sleep on your way to your home. Having this fabric hanged in your living room makes you feel that you are glad to be home with your family, celebrating the union before the end of the

The Legalization of Marijuana Essay Example for Free

The Legalization of Marijuana Essay The legalization of marijuana is one of the many controversial debates in America today. Some people believe that marijuana is a gateway drug and is very harmful, marijuana enthusiast argue that cannabis isn’t harmful and can drastically improve the American economy. â€Å"Marijuana prohibition cost America $7.7 billion dollars a year.†(Head 2012) The legalization of marijuana would avail many people. If marijuana is legalized then the American government could tax it and help pay the U.S. debt also, another benefit of legalizing marijuana is that it can be used for several medicinal purposes, and lastly the legalization of marijuana would save the Americans tax dollars for not having to take care of prisoners who would be arrested dealing with marijuana. Approximately 440,000 people die a year from smoking tobacco products and alcohol poisoning kills 50,000 people annually, while no one dies from smoking marijuana. â€Å"Alcohol and tobacco, though are legal, are for more harmful than marijuana.†(Head 2012) Over 4000 harmful chemicals are in cigarettes that cause countless deaths each year but tobacco is still somehow legal. Many people say that marijuana is a gateway drug but over 60 million people try marijuana, if marijuana was really a gateway drug millions of crack heads and heroin addicts would be running around America right now. Since marijuana is the most popular drug in America of course people who abuse other substances have tried marijuana. America is more than 10 trillion dollars in debt. â€Å"The legalization of marijuana would create another item that could be taxed.† (Messerli 2011) The taxation of marijuana could drastically increase Americas Economy. Over 20 million people in America smoke marijuana on the regular basis. â€Å"A study found that legalizing marijuana and taxing it can produce considerable revenue for America.† (Head 2012) Marijuana is already a major cash crop in the United States and billions of dollars are made from soliciting the drug. If marijuana was taxed then the United States will not have to worry about being in a debt crisis. The government would also make money if marijuana was grown in the United States and sold to other countries around the world. Marijuana is not only used for pleasurable purposes but it also used for medicinal purpose as well. Marijuana can be used for people suffering from many different kinds of sicknesses. Marijuana can be used as a pain reliever; marijuana can also help head trauma victims, stroke victims, and  people who suffer from anxiety or depression. THC is a potent anti-oxidant which doctors rely for stroke and head trauma victims. Cannabis can be used for a cancer patient that is going through chemotherapy; marijuana would act as a nausea reducer which will help the patient be able to eat. If marijuana was legal then more studies would be done to help created more medicinal purposes for the herb. The prohibition on marijuana cost tax payers millions of dollars annually. â€Å"The marijuana prohibition cost 7.7 billion dollars a year.† (Head 2012) Marijuana illegality is helping other countries become wealthier, while the United States is losing money, by importing the substance in to America. The United States government arrest over 700,000 people a year for a charge dealing with marijuana, the money used for taking care of those offenders are coming out of the United States tax payers pocket. Tax payers are throwing away thousands of dollars to feed and shelter people who got arrested for having a plant. â€Å"Marijuana legalization would simplify the development of hemp as a valuable and diverse agricultural crop in the United States, including its development as a new bio fuel to reduce carbon emissions.† (Unknown) The legalization of marijuana could better this world, marijuana has an untapped potential to make everything better in the world. In conclusion, the legalization of marijuana could benefit everyone. If marijuana was legal the United States of America debt would drastically decrease. Also tax payers would have more money in their pockets since they will never have to pay for the marijuana fugitives in prison. If marijuana was studied more then maybe diseases would be cured that people thought would never be cured. It is no reason that marijuana should be illegal since tobacco and alcohol kills thousands a year while marijuana kills none. As Sir Paul McCartney said â€Å"I support decriminalization. People are smoking pot anyway and to make them into criminals is wrong. It’s when you’re in jail you really become a criminal.†

Community Power and Participatory Decision-Making Essay example -- Kar

Critical theory appears unpopular probably because of its ideological bias as claimed by Pease, Form and Rytina (1970). Liebert and Imershein (1977) similarly assert that a common theoretical tendency in community research is a distinctly â€Å"political theme that tends to find the greatest efficacy and power, and indeed the most universal structure of power, to lie in a certain organized diversity, a pluralist state of subsystems within an integrated system of elites† (pp. 191-192). The primary aim of critical theory, as James Bohman (2005) notes, is to thwart oppression. This theory was not only used by incorporating the best tools but more importantly, to critique what is happening within the research context. Since the community studied is Bautista, a resettlement area and which has an existing power structure, a critical analysis and decisional approach were adapted using the case study design to examine the locale. Critical theory questions the structures and it assumes that science is objective and â€Å"value-free†. Its goal is the emancipation of people from domination (Quebral, 1992 as cited in Drilon, 1998). Critical theorists such as Karl Marx and Jà ¼rgen Habermas are critics of unequal social conditions specifically groups that are excluded from power or from free access to information. Thus, critical theorists do more than observe, interpret or describe; they criticize. Looking through the power structure research lens, this theory helped the researcher by asking who benefits from the unequal distribution of power and who are they taking advantage of by focusing on the community issue. In communication, critical scholars have focused on the role of communication in society and on the control of communication... ...cal dimension† of his work (Dreyfus & Rabinow, 1982, p. 114). He claims that power and knowledge are not external to each other, but that they operate in a mutually generative fashion, as â€Å"nothing can exist as an element of knowledge if [...] it does not possess the effects of coercion† and as â€Å"nothing can function as a mechanism of power if it is not deployed according to procedures, instruments, means, and objectives which can be validated in more or less coherent systems of knowledge† (Foucault, 1997, p. 52). Thus, rather than to study knowledge and power separately, is â€Å"the nexus of knowledge power† that needs to be described in order to grasp the acceptability of the knowledge power system (p. 53). One needs to analyze the connections between power and knowledge to find out why a certain â€Å"regime of truth† has become acceptable at a given historical moment.

Quantitative risk assessment Essay

Monte-Carlo simulation is carried out using a large number of computations, using a computer, with random inputs. This method is particularly useful when it comes to â€Å"predicting† the outcome a complex eventuality. Typically, the Monte-Carlo simulation is useful when predicting the outcome of a large number inter-related factors that are â€Å"uncertain†. Predictivity using Monte-Carlo simulation is far more accurate where variables under consideration are many, uncertain and random. For this particular reason, using Monte-Carlo simulation for this study is the best choice as there are many uncertain factors that need to be analyzed for computing a risk assessment. In this study, the first step begins with the production of meat and ends with health effects that meat can probably induce in consuming subjects. There is a large interplay of uncertain factors, and the entire food chain model proposed in the study has inherent variability across most levels. 2. What comment would you make about the source of data used for the concentration of E. coli in cattle feces? Prevalence and concentration of E. Coli in cattle fecal matter was used to assess the level of contamination of the meat. The level of contamination of the meat is a pointer to the probable exposure that a consuming subject could possibly have, to E. Coli. Concentration of E. Coli in cattle fecal matter is directly related to factors like seasonality, geographical properties, and feeding practices. However, the data related to concentration of E. Coli in the cattle fecal matter was constructed without consideration for these factors. Data used for concentration of E. Coli in fecal matter was obtained using enrichment methods. The results show a wide bipolar variation, from as low as undetectable E. Coli levels to as much as 5. 0 log10 CFU/g. The data for prevalence of E. Coli in cattle fecal matter was obtained from previously held studies. However, only data from those studies was used, that primarily aimed at detecting E. Coli prevalence rates in cattle fecal matter for beef that was supposedly slated for human consumption. 3. What comment would you make about the following: †¢ modeling the distribution of feces on carcass as Uniform? Slaughtering invariably causes the fecal matter to come in contact with the meat. Skinning a carcass will lead to contamination of exposed meat due to contact with the hide. Although, fecal matter is the main source of bacterial reservoir, the nature and number of agents that can directly or indirectly participate as contaminating agents is uncertain. However, the concentration of E. Coli in fecal matter is directly proportional to the extent of meat contamination. The distribution of fecal matter on carcass surface is uneven. A dilution factor was used as a model simplification. †¢ modeling fecal contamination only on the carcass surface? As a fact, E. Coli are present in the fecal matter but not inside red meat. Contamination of red meat, therefore, occurs only when fecal matter comes in contact with it. This will usually happen during slaughtering, and the following processes like packaging and trimming. For this reason fecal contamination has been modeled only on the carcass surface. 4. Briefly (less than 500 words), discuss the practicalities and likely success of implementing each of the proposed hypothetical mitigation strategies in the paper. The author has proposed three hypothetical risk mitigation strategies for risk reduction. However, the strategies have been proposed to reduce risk as per mentioned figures, assuming that the strategy is being implemented and the desired goal is being achieved. For instance, the first strategy of regulating storage temperature control norms shows a reduced risk to over 80%. Practically, this strategy can indeed cause a large risk reduction but a protocol will need to be developed that incorporates all the levels of the proposed beef-cold-chain, starting right from the farm to the retailer. Even with a concrete legislature to make sure this strategy works, it needs to be evaluated how far would this strategy prove to be practically enforceable. With definite legislature, a good compliance can be expected out of this strategy and apparently this strategy is far more practicable, and could prove successful. Pre-slaughter screening proposes to reduce risk by over 46%. However, more variables like feeding practices, geographical locations, and seasonal variation (that affect E. Coli fecal load) need to considered, before a definite â€Å"control† level can be instated to rule out slaughters for animals that have more than a certain level of bacterial fecal concentration. The consumer information program, although with a risk reduction of 16%, is certainly a very important level wherein proper intervention can dramatically decrease E. Coli related health morbidity. Even though anticipated risk reduction is only 16%, simple measures like adequate promotional tools, could significantly increase risk reduction through mass communication; the biggest limitation however, is that compliance in this case cannot be ascertained, nor enforceable. Keeping in mind the practical limitations of each of these strategies, a prudent approach would involve application of all the three strategies in conjunct, to ensure greater risk reduction. A good reason for this approach is that due to the uncertain nature of all the factors involved in E. Coli contamination and delivery to consuming host, it appears quite difficult to determine the individual potency of each of these factors, and they would easily remain relative values. ‘Evaluation of MRSA Select, a new chromogenic medium for the detection of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus’ 1. What is the ‘gold standard’ used to assess the sensitivity and specificity etc. of the different diagnostic tests? The sensitivity and specificity of a particular diagnostic test needs to be estimated before the test under consideration can be employed for practical purposes, to ensure that the results obtained are accurate, and of consequence. A â€Å"gold standard†, hence, is an absolute, against which results from a particular diagnostic test are compared. The gold standard, also called as the standard frame of reference, is a perfect test for the given condition, and is 100% sensitive and specific as well. 2. Is the ‘gold standard’ the same for all of the tests? Within the context of this paper, the gold standard used is same for all the tests. The gold standard used is identification of methicillin resistant S. Aureus, from nasal swabs of patients, confirmed for the mecA gene using PCR. 3. Can the tests be compared in this way? Yes, the tests can be compared this way. The same samples (n) were subjected to different growth mediums, to ascertain the presence of MRSA. All these media were specifically designed to promote the growth of MRSA. Hence, depending on the growths shown by these different media, results can be drawn and compared. 4. Are the authors’ conclusions valid? I think that the author’s conclusions are valid. Although, PCR will remain the gold standard in ascertaining presence of MRSA, the application of this procedure, to remain practically enforceable, is quite limiting. For instance, considering the sheer number of samples that an urban community hospital has to handle on a daily basis, using PCR for all instances may not be feasible all the times. In this circumstance, using simple tissue culture techniques would definitely prove to be more desirable, especially with faster results and low costs; like using the MRSA Select that will give results within 24 hours with a sensitivity and specificity over 99%. Moreover, simplicity of the test requires no complex skill set, especially compared with handling PCR techniques. References 1. Fishman, G. S. (1995). Monte Carlo: Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications. New York: Springer 2. Bell, B. P. , Goldoft, M. , Griffin, P. M. , Davis, M. S. , Gordon, D. C. , Tarr, P. I. , Bartleson, C. A. , Lewis, J. H. , Barret, T. J. , Wells, J. G. , Baron, R. , Kobayashi, J. , (1994). A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7-associated bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome from hamburgers: the Washington experience. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 3. Vose, D. , (1996). Quantitative risk analysis: A guide to Monte Carlo simulation modelling. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester England. 4. USDA:APHIS:VS. , 1994a. E. coliO157:H7 issues and ramifications. Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO. 5. Gehlbach SH. (1993) Interpretation: sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value. In: Gehlbach SH, ed. Interpreting the medical literature. New York: McGraw-Hill 6. Apfalter P, Assadian O, Kalczyk A, et al. (2002) Performance of a new chromogenic oxacillin resistance screen medium (Oxoid) in the detection and presumptive identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis;44:209–11. 7. Murakami K, Minamide W, Wada K, Nakamura E, Teraoka, H, Watanabe S. (1991) Identification of methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol;29:2240–4. 8. Safdar N, Narans L, Gordon B, Maki DG. (2003) Comparison of culture screening methods for detection of nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a prospective study comparing 32 methods. J Clin Microbiol;41:3163–6.

Loving Our Family Essay

As a Catholic, I wish to preserve the values that were instilled in me-those that define a person. It is said that everything starts from our family. They are the one that hour as all the influence that change and lead us where are we now. Our mothers served as our first teachers. Our fathers seemed to be our first ball of our first basketball match. Our brothers and sisters portrayed the role of our first best buddies. Indeed, they are what who made us. We owe them what we are today especially our parents. So first thing, I want to instill in the minds of the next generation, the values of a Filipino family. I thank the Lord for giving me a family that is bounded with love and harmony. I wish every child would honor their mothers and fathers as what Jesus had commanded us. I wish we as a children, would not just look into our parents as mere providers of our needs and pleasures. They are more than a provider of the material entity. They give immaterial things, immortal love and endless sacrifice. How great is our sin if we don’t even at least to make a coffee for them to every morning or offer a meal whenever they are already exhausted or tired with the entire day of work. We only have one chance of having a family, once they are gone, they are gone forever. So let us preserve the closeness of our family or the close family ties we had learned in our country’s culture. Let the next generation enjoy the unconditional love of God through our family.

People In Canada Living With Poverty Social Work Essay Essay Example

People In Canada Living With Poverty Social Work Essay Essay Example People In Canada Living With Poverty Social Work Essay Essay People In Canada Living With Poverty Social Work Essay Essay Another cause of poorness in some instances may be divorce or individual parentage. This would be a precipitating cause because together a twosome on two incomes may be able to back up a kid, nevertheless, divided they may non hold the income to supply as they did antecedently. Harmonizing to a survey done in Ottawa, kids in individual parent places are more likely to go destitute, particularly when there was more than one kid life in the place ( Fleury, 2008 ) . In many state of affairss, one parent may hold stayed at place to care for kids and the family, while the other worked, intending that parent would be dependent on the other parent. If a divorce takes topographic point, the dependent parent no longer has the other parent to back up them, and they may non hold employment, doing it really easy for them to fall into poorness. Yet another cause of poorness is dependence, which can be both a precipitating and a perpetuating cause. Addictions can frequently take to loss of employment and abuse of fundss which can convey on and perpetuate the issue of poorness. Lawrence M. Mead says although poorness is non an dependence, it is frequently caused by and causes dependence. Addiction has a definite drip consequence on poorness. If one has an dependence, for illustration, to a drug, it becomes the most of import thing in their life, all their money goes to buying the drug, all their clip is devoted to hiting and making drugs, which means, they may non travel to school or work, or their behaviour causes them to be dismissed, intending they have no agency for an income. The nut s income would travel towards drugs, and non other demands, or they would non hold an income at all, go forthing them in poorness. Last, a cause of poorness is frequently debt and hapless debt direction. It is possible to populate with some debt and non hold to populate in poorness, nevertheless if debt is non managed decently and becomes more than one is capable of covering with, it can take to poverty. Four million Americans would fall below the federal poorness line if the involvement they pay on their recognition cards and other consumer debts were subtracted from their incomes says a San Francisco Chronicle article. These people are called the debt hapless ( Abate, 2009 ) . These people, although they may non look like the stereotyped hapless, they technically do non hold the agencies to obtain the necessities of life and, at some point are faced with bankruptcy and the loss of their place. Microsystem Consequences A microsystem effect of poorness is low self-esteem. It is obvious kids populating in poorness have problem purchasing the latest tendencies, their parents may non drive the nicest auto or drive a auto at all, possibly they do non hold a washer and drier and so sometimes they have to travel without clean apparels for a period. Their parents can non afford to set them in music lessons or subscribe them up for athleticss squads. Some kids, who are resilient would non allow this halt them from being confident, nevertheless, non all kids understand that they are non on a flat playing field, so to talk and believe that it is a failing in themselves and non unfairness within the system and experience that their personal worth is straight related to their fiscal worth. A kid with the tools to win is more likely to win and if they win, they become more confident, doing them more likely to take more hazards, with a likeliness of wining once more and increasing their assurance more. In some in stances, kids in poorness deficiency those tools, or have to work harder for them, intending they do non win as frequently, diminishing their self-pride ( Eric J. Marsh, 2010 ) . Bullying is another effect of poorness that frequently goes along with low self-pride. Children in poorness are frequently bullied. Harmonizing to a survey done in the UK, low-income kids are frequently the mark of strong-arming in wealthier countries, because of their socio-economic position ( Branigan, 2007 ) . One in 13 kids in an international survey of 35 states and more than 162 000 kids reported strong-arming due to their socio-economic position. The unfairness among striplings from low socio-economic backgrounds puts them at a greater hazard for strong-arming. Teenss that are from schools and populating in states where there is a bigger spread between socio-economic groups are at higher hazard of being bullied. Poverty besides has a immense impact on kids s physical development. One in 10 Canadians is affected by nutrient insecurity which has a correlativity to hapless wellness ( Kirkpatrick, 2008 ) . Without proper diet, kids will miss the foods they need to develop optimally, and may even go over or under weight. Studies show kids with a balanced diet are ill less frequently than kids with hapless nutrition ( Kirkpatrick, 2008 ) . Families may non be able to afford medical disbursals or interventions that would forestall their kid from unwellness or decrease the effects of an unwellness or hurt, doing damage. Besides, parents in low-income places may happen it more hard to afford necessary fixs in the family that would guarantee their kid s safety. Pregnant female parents populating in poorness besides pose a hazard, if they are non able to afford equal prenatal attention. Poverty has an impact on mental wellness, every bit good. Children from low socio-economic backgrounds were more than twice as likely to endure from anxiousness and depression as their opposite numbers from better socio-economic positions ( Mark Lemstra, 2008 ) . Children from low-income households, non merely have the normal emphasis a kid would hold, many destitute kids are cognizant of their households adversities and have developed anxiousness about measures and debts and nutrient security, and feelings of hopelessness about their state of affairss and deficiency positive feelings of dignity. Besides impacting physical and mental wellness, societal development is besides a effect of poorness. Poverty has an impact on the development of societal accomplishments in kids. Children life in poorness frequently have poorer linguistic communication accomplishments and less developed get bying accomplishments, which in bend impacts the quality of their relationships with equals ( Lisa Fiorentino, 2004 ) . Children life in poorness besides have less chance for societal interaction due to the fact they are non able to afford to be portion of extra-curricular groups that help develop societal accomplishments and promote peer relationships. Without the money to afford the same societal chances kids in low-income places are non able to develop societal accomplishments as easy, so poorness is a definite impact on societal development. Cognitive damage has besides been cited as a effect of poorness. Harmonizing to research, kids who are malnourished will endure cognitive lacks and kids populating in poorness are more likely to be malnourished than those who are in-between category or affluent. Besides, kids who are hapless are less equipt to research their environment significance they are non having the same mental stimulation or their environment is less stimulating ( Brown, 1996 ) . Parents are besides less able to afford to set their kids in activities or purchase things like books and computing machines that would assist excite cognitive development. Therefore, there are assorted grounds why poorness has an influence on cognitive development including malnutrition, and deficiency of chance for mental stimulation. Another unfortunate effect of poorness is abuse and disregard. Harmonizing to research from the NSPCC: adult females from hapless childhood places were twice every bit likely to hold suffered maltreatment or disregard ( 77 per cent versus 38 per cent ) , and the association was even more dramatic with multiple signifiers of maltreatment, with a treble addition: 45 per cent of those from hapless childhood places had experienced more than one signifier of maltreatment compared with 15 per cent who had experienced no poorness. ( NSPCC, 2008 ) Poverty can set a batch of emphasis and strain on households doing parents more susceptible to going culprits and kids more vulnerable and likely to be victimized. Lack of resources besides makes it more hard to supply kids with their basic demands, which does non ever represent an allegation of disregard, nevertheless, if the parent is utilizing child public assistance revenue enhancement and child support for personal usage and non to supply for the kid it is neglect. Poverty can besides impact one s personal values and beliefs. Children s values and beliefs are affected by their socio-economic position. From personal experience, being really hapless turning up, I had a certain paradigm. I believed that affluent people were the enemy and that they did non value me because I was hapless. I besides did non value instruction really much because I did non believe I would hold the chance to travel to college or university, because my parents could non afford to assist me pay for it. I learned non to value money and do with less. Family was of import to me, since I spent so much clip at place, due to the fact I could non afford to be in any lessons or on athleticss squads. It is obvious a kid from a hapless place compared to a household from a affluent place would hold a really different mentality on life. Mesosystem Causes Lack of resources is a precipitating cause of poorness. There is a deficiency of low-cost lodging and deficiency of services available to battle poorness and to help those in poorness, particularly for new immigrants coming to Canada. There are non plenty services available to assist new Canadians adjust, to assist them upgrade instruction, to happen occupations and low-cost places and to larn the linguistic communication so they can win at their occupation and at school. In some more rural countries there is no ESL plan offered. Besides, the complicated signifiers and waitlists mean people in demand of poorness alleviation may non acquire aid for months ( Canadian Council on Social Development, 2010 ) . Loss of employment is a precipitating cause of poorness, every bit good. Loss of a occupation sometimes non merely means loss of fiscal support from an employer, it besides means loss of insurance. Meaning medical and dental attention, house fix, auto fix are non covered, so households do without or are put further in debt by holding to pay for medical or fix measures. If a household has no income it is hard to supply necessities for one s household, and if the low-income cut-off is more than 50 % of income is spent on necessities, than anyone who is unemployed or whose partner is unemployed will probably suit that standards ( Statistics Canada, 2010 ) . Mesosystem effects A microsystem effect of poorness was child maltreatment and disregard, so it is apparent so, that on a mesosystem degree there is a effect which affects Children s Aid Societies. CAS woks with households to assist acquire them on path and acquire support that they may non otherwise be able to afford for their kid. Harmonizing to OACAS, many of the kids utilizing their services are populating in poorness ( Laurie Monseebaaten, 2008 ) . Poverty is a cover job which is the cause and effect of many of the things CAS trades with on a regular footing, frequently times to cover with these other jobs they provide households with services that deal with poorness. Another large effect of poorness is that it affects the kid s school experience. In some instances kids go to school in a poorer vicinity and so their equals are hapless, but rather frequently hapless kids go to schools where there is socio-economic inequality. This, in some instances affects them more as it makes the kids more loath to accept aid financially to pay for field trips or athleticss squads. They lose out on larning chances because of their poorness. They besides have a more hard clip wining in school because they may non hold entree to computing machines or books necessary to assist them larn and complete school work, and because they may hold occupations outside of school to assist them battle the poorness, go forthing them less clip for their school work ( Sands, 2007 ) . Poverty is a large barrier to wellness attention, even in Canada. Although initial health care is free. The cost of medicine, oculus attention and dental attention is still excessively expensive for some people to afford. For illustration, there is a intervention for AIDS nevertheless, it is excessively expensive for persons to purchase, but the pharmaceutical companies will non administer it for free or at a lesser cost because they do non wish to lose net income ( UNFPA, 2009 ) . Because dental attention, oculus attention and medicine are for the most portion, non every twenty-four hours needs, most people populating in poorness go without it. Another effect of poorness is that churches are involved in poorness alleviation around the universe. Religious groups are the figure one beginning of charitable financess donated in Canada and advocators for the hapless harmonizing to the World Council of Churches ( World Council of Churches, 2011 ) . Churchs are really involved locally and internationally with the battle against poorness, they work on all degrees of bar, primary, secondary and third. They support the development of micro concerns for adult females in Indian as a primary bar, they work with Canadian Food Grains Bank to administer nutrient as a secondary bar and they work in soup kitchens and assist people locally who come into acquire support as a third bar. ( McLennan, 2011 ) . A effect of poorness is the inability to afford to set kids into extracurricular activities and segregation in extracurricular activities. This has effects in itself, but in general, the high cost of music and dance lessons and athleticss squads means that kids are non able to take part, or are segregated to specific activities that are more low-cost. Recently, there has been offered a revenue enhancement interruption for parents of kids on athleticss squads, which has alleviated some of the emphasis put on parents to let their kids to take part, nevertheless, some parents still struggle to set their kids in activities, some of which are hard to acquire to if parents do non hold dependable transit. Having kids in extracurricular activities is besides a primary preventive step for forestalling kids from acquiring involved in offense, so parents in poorness who can non afford to set their kids in athleticss or pay for some sort of art lessons may besides hold to endure another effect of poorness, which is holding their kids involved in offense. Crime is another effect of poorness for a figure of grounds. Families may steal nutrient to supplement what small they have, kids and young person may steal things they want that they can non afford, parents and kids may acquire involved with covering drugs or fraud to supplement their income. A survey done in the U.S. besides shows that the jurisprudence is more indulgent to flush wrongdoers giving them small or no gaol clip compared to poorer wrongdoers ( Reiman, 1995 ) . Another effect of poorness is that households are segregated to specific vicinities and attend specific schools depending on their income. Rarely when low-income lodging is built is it merely one house in a comparatively flush vicinity, most low income lodging is built in blocks ; townhouses or flats and there is frequently more than one in a vicinity. Therefore, that peculiar vicinity is stigmatized as being the hapless vicinity . Peers are all from similar socio-economic backgrounds, schools in the vicinity are frequently overpoweringly populated by low-income kids ( Fleury, 2008 ) . Exosystem Causes A perpetuating cause of poorness is deficiency of authorities support for poorness alleviation. For people already populating in poorness if they can non acquire sufficient aid to assist them out of poorness, it means they remain at that place longer. Any societal aid one may have is hardly adequate to populate on so these people are still merely doing terminals meet. Without the chance to salvage some money people will go on populating paycheque to paycheque and if there is an exigency it may set more fiscal strain on them, because they did non hold plenty to populate on to get down with and they are put into debt. Another perpetuating cause of poorness among immigrants in Canada is the transit loans. Refugee households come to Canada, trusting for a better life, the Canadian authorities is sort adequate to loan them money for travel disbursals, which are really dearly-won. However, they are expected to pay this loan back within a really brief window of clip, maintaining in head that what small money they came with has been put towards happening a topographic point to populate and they may non even have a occupation yet ( Canadian Council for Refugees, 2010 ) . Unfortunately, this is of small concern to the authorities, so these people must fight both with being able to back up themselves in a new state and with paying back debt, perpetuating their poorness. Next, the cost of life in Canada has a great impact on poorness and is a precipitating effect. This is a cause more frequently attributed to developed states. The mean cost of rent in Toronto is between $ 775 and $ 895 for a 1 sleeping room flat, the cost of food markets for a month is about $ 100 a month and the cost of telephone services is about $ 23 a month ( Fast Facts, 2006 ) . With merely those disbursals, the cost of life for a month can be more than $ 1000, nevertheless, a individual employed full-time ( 40 hrs/wk ) at lower limit pay ( $ 10.25 ) makes less than twice that, intending significantly more than half of their income goes towards necessities of life. Finally, a perpetuating cause for poorness among kids is the disagreement in the Low-Income Cut-off with respects to what necessities are. It observes the demand for vesture, shelter and nutrient ; nevertheless, it does non take into history a kid s demand for societal and emotional development and scholastic success, which may come from appropriate child care, engagement in extracurricular activities and the purchase of school supplies. Without these things it is much more hard to win in school and life, intending less stable employment, which in bend consequences in go oning the rhythm of poorness. Exosystem Consequences One of the effects of poorness is how people view those on societal aid. There is the common stigma that people on societal aid are mistreating the system and that they are merely lazy and do non wish to acquire a occupation, nevertheless that is non ever the instance. In some instances, the receiver of societal helper is person who was a dependent and did non work or could non work and for a assortment of grounds had to go forth that dependent state of affairs and needed fiscal support, but was non able to happen a occupation instantly ( Pulkingham, 2011 ) . The portraiture of poorness in media is a effect has a effect on how poorness is viewed. The media has created this stereotype of the hapless stripling. They are ever from the incorrect side of the paths, engage in immoral behavior, acquire into a batch of battles and neer excel in school or they are portrayed as soiled street kids. For illustration, in the film Slums of Beverly Hills, the characters are a hapless household who must invariably travel to avoid paying rent ; the immature female is non interested in school and is really promiscuous ( Jenkins, 1998 ) . Obviously, this inaccurate portraiture of poorness does non assist with a kid s self-esteem or to cut down intimidation or promote impoverished young person that they are capable of accomplishing great things. Another myth that has become the effect of how people view poorness is the myth that people who use soup kitchens and nutrient Bankss are stateless or idle, when in world many of the people accessing these installations are working hapless, who have occupations, and possibly a place. They may be able to pay their rent, but their income is non sufficient plenty to afford equal nutrient. Close to 7 million workers earn less than $ 20 000 per annum and 40 % of destitute kids live in households where at least one parent is employed full-time twelvemonth unit of ammunition. Parents have kids to care for and sometimes that means they need to supplement their repasts with nutrient from a nutrient bank or repasts from a soup kitchen to do certain their kids are fed ( Poor No More, 2009 ) . Next, a effect of how people view poorness is the myth that hapless kids are less intelligent and non every bit successful as affluent kids. Although there is grounds that poorer kids are more likely to fight in school and that they will go on the rhythm of poorness and that poorness is a hazard factor for lower IQ, this is non ever the instance. Truly, this depends on resiliency. The more resilient and determined a kid is, the more likely they will get the better of their fortunes and excel in school and in life ( Lisa Fiorentino, 2004 ) . Although they may non hold the same resources as a affluent kid, every bit long as they have a good support system and the finding to win no affair what obstacles are placed in forepart of them, they will interrupt free from that stereotype. Yet another myth that exists is that hapless people are ever looking for press releases. This is really really inaccurate ; frequently households remain in poorness because they are excessively proud to inquire for aid which could be a perpetuating cause of poorness as good. Besides, though they are hapless they are far from incapacitated. Many people would be happy to offer their accomplishments or work in return for support and would experience more fulfilled making so ( Poor No More, 2009 ) . Some recognition and intervention as an equal is frequently what the hapless are looking for, non merely trim alteration. The concluding myth that exists in our society is that poorness merely happens in Africa, this. The overpowering sum of support and promotion the poorness afflicted continent receives is animating, nevertheless, serving the local hapless does non look about every bit of import to people. When we look at the private assistance traveling abroad to alleviate poorness and the sum of sponsorship and acceptance of kids in developing states, it is significantly more that what is received locally. Fifteen per cent of Canadian kids are populating in poorness ; that is about 100 thousand kids ( Fleury, 2008 ) . 100 1000 kids who need aid, but are overlooked for kids in developing states. Poverty does go on in Canada. Macrosystem Causes A precipitating cause of poorness that has been extremely publicized in recent old ages is the economic system. Canada, along with about the full remainder of the universe has felt the impact of an economic depression which has inflated monetary values, caused occupation loss and created a immense inflow of people into societal aid. As antecedently discussed, cost of life, occupation loss and deficiency of resources are causes of poorness ; an economic depression is the cause of all three, doing poorness an issue on a supranational graduated table. Third universe authoritiess are obligated to vie with each other and with more dominant, developed states. To pull investors, destitute states attempt to supply cheaper resources, goods and labor. This has merely increased poorness ( Shah, 2011 ) . So, the economic system has been an international cause of poorness. Additionally, war is a precipitating cause of poorness. War causes huge devastation and costs 1000000s of dollars. There is devastation to systems such as societal services and wellness attention and resources are diluted and redirected from poorness alleviation to keeping the war, every bit good as physical harm to edifices and properties. This consequently consequences in poorness

How to Talk About the Parts of the Body in Italian

How to Talk About the Parts of the Body in Italian While chatting about body parts isn’t something that’s often a part of small talk, the necessity of knowing body part of Italian vocabulary pops at the most unexpected times. Besides the typical doctor situation, it comes up in many Italian proverbs, when describing physical characteristics of a person, and in famous children’s songs. Head, Shoulders, Knees Toes Below you’ll find an extensive list of body parts in the singular form along with examples to demonstrate the various ways to use your newfound vocabulary in real life. ankle la caviglia arm il braccio armpit lascella artery larteria body il corpo bone losso brain il cervello calf il polpaccio chest il torace collarbone la clavicola elbow il gomito finger il dito foot il piede hand la mano heart il cuore heel il calcagno hip lanca index finger lindice knee il ginocchio larynx la laringe leg la gamba middle finger il medio muscle il muscolo nail lunghia nerve il nervo pinkie il mignolo rib la costola ring finger lanulare shoulder la spalla skin la pelle spine la spina dorsale stomach lo stomaco thumb il pollice vein la vena wrist il polso When you change some of the body parts from the singular into the plural form, they might seem strange at first because they don’t follow the regular rules of the ending of a feminine, plural word ending in the letter -e or a masculine, plural word ending in the letter -i. Per esempio L’orecchio (ear) becomes le orecchie (ears)Il braccio (arm) becomes le braccia (arms)Il dito (finger) becomes le dita (fingers)Il ginocchio (knee) becomes le ginocchia (knees) Esempi Mi fa male lo stomaco. - My stomach hurts.Ho mal di testa. - I have a headache.Ho la testa altrove. - My head is somewhere else; I’m not focused.Siamo nelle tue mani. - We’re in your hands; We’re trusting you.L’hai visto? Ha gli addominali a tartaruga! - Did you see him? He has six-pack abs!Devo farmi le unghie. - I need to do my nails; I need to get a manicure.Sei cosà ¬ rosso in viso! - You’re so red in the face!; You’re blushing.Ho un ginocchio messo male. - I have a bad knee. Finally, here are a few proverbs with body parts: Alzarsi con il piede sbagliato – To get up with the wrong foot; idiomatic meaning: to get up on the wrong side of the bed Stamattina, mi sono svegliato/a con il piede sbagliato e finora ho avuto una giornataccia! - This morning I got up with the wrong foot and since then I’ve had such a bad day! Non avere peli sulla lingua – To have no hairs on the tongue; idiomatic meaning: to speak frankly Lui sempre dice cose sprezzanti, non ha davvero peli sulla lingua! - He always says rude things, he truly doesn’t have any hair on the tongue! Essere una persona in gamba/essere in gamba – To be a person in leg; idiomatic meaning: to be a really great, upstanding person Lei mi ha sempre aiutato, à ¨ veramente una persona in gamba. – She’s always helped me, she’s really a good person.

Project Management and its usage in cost and time mitigation Dissertation

Project Management and its usage in cost and time mitigation - Dissertation Example This research will begin with the statement that the construction industry is generally recognized as a vast, complex and diverse sector. It’s further complicated by the huge number of employees working for this sector. The sector suffers from noticeable differences in the areas of internal organizational structure, training and development techniques and various government policies running this industry across the globe. An estimated number of 35000 employers exist in the present construction sector and the number of employees stands near 330120. The industry showcases some unique traits that are different from other sectors, which includes †¢ Large size of the networks used within the industry- It is an important sector of the economy which produces buildings, roads, bridges, airports etc. which in turn are used for further business purposes by the economy. Again, the end product of various other firms like cement, stone, steel, wood etc. are used by the construction sector for delivering its ultimate product. Therefore, this sector has a link with each and every sector of the economy and the networks it maintains are wide and complicated. †¢ Government as a customer- In most of the countries, the government acts as the direct client of the construction sector and assigns them with projects for various urban and rural development programs. In countries like Singapore 87% of the citizens live at public residence where the government plays a vital role in developing housing projects. Expensive products- The construction sector is characterized by the production of expensive goods which are not possible to purchase without preplanning. Generally people spend almost all their saving in purchasing their dream house or setting up their own business. For this purpose, this sector has close relationship with the financial industry. Nowadays, the Real Estate firms are tying up with banks and other financial institutions to provide easy access to loans and other benefits to their customers. Immobility of the products- It is the unique feature of this sector that it produces goods which are fixed to the land. This feature limits its chances for export and showing the customer a pre-fabrication sample. When the project is started, it’s impossible for the firm to change or modify the work process in the midterm. Labor Intensive- This industry

Loreal Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Loreal - Case Study Example Therefore, expansion became and necessity and acquisitions were the means to achieve this. Acquisitions allowed L’Oreal to operate globally, becoming part of the global economy. L’Oreal’s growth strategy was to acquire smaller companies that dealt in cosmetics and other beauty products, after which the acquired products would be assimilated and expanded from within the parent company. Acquisitions meant that the brands could be taken globally, benefiting L’Oreal’s overall brand portfolio. L’Oreal established that they lacked a competitive advantage over American rivals due to their shortage of resources in the cosmetics sector. Therefore, the cosmetics sector was a form of opportunity that would enable them to increase their returns beyond the average mark. Hence, improving the cosmetics portfolio was a major motivation for acquiring foreign cosmetics companies. The adoption began with company developed brands such as Club des Createurs de Beaute, L’Oreal Paris, L’Oreal Professional and Kerastase. L’Oreal adopted Garnier and Lancome Paris in the 1960s. In the 1980’s L’Oreal consumed popular American brands such as Redken, SoftSheen-Carson, Matrix, and Maybelline (which needed reinstallation). L’Oreal also strengthened its French brands by acquiring Ralph Lauren Fragrances, which enabled it to increase its international brand portfolio for customers of various demands and preferences. In the year 2000, L’Oreal acquired Kiehl’s, a company that dealt in high quality, expensive and highly demanded luxurious products. Kiehl’s was deemed a valuable acquisition that added authenticity to L’Oreal’s luxury collection. It also enabled L’Oreal to capture more opportunities in the Consumer Division. Due to its core competencies such as its R&D function and advertising campaigns, L’Oreal was able to reinstate Maybelline and many other smaller acquisitions, enabling it to develop a more attractively priced product that captured

Scientific article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scientific article review - Essay Example The immune system is one of the bodies most important functions, as well as one of the bodies still most mysterious. However, great scientific advancements are being made, as can be read about in several different articles.One article deals with the immune system and its part in MS. It discusses several new important breakthrough in figuring out why the immune system attacks the brain and spinal chord, and how this can be contained.One important new breakthrough is the discovery of "T-regs", a cell that regulates T-Cells (Inner Conflict). These cells stop T-Cells from jumping to attack, and can be helpful in stopping T-Cells from attacking body self cells. The Tregs of people with MS don't function as well as those of people who do not have the disease. Currently, research is being done as to why this is, and what can be done about it( Inner Conflict).Another filed of research is in using hormones to help slow down the advancement of the disease. Using estriol, a form of estrogen on women, and Androgel, a testosterone gel on me, seems to help slow down the brain tissue loss from the disease, as well as improving in bodily functions(Inner Conflict).Another huge development in the immune system field was the discovery of a Orai 1, a protein that controls the immune system's calcium channel(An Immune). This protein has been looked for for decades, and finally finding it has sparked great interest. If drugs were developed that could block this protein for example, a drug could combat the effects of many different types of autoimmune diseases

Changing Environment And Its Impact On Business Information Technology Essay

Changing Environment And Its Impact On Business Information Technology Essay With the emergence of internet, business organization of 20th century has undergone structural, cultural and qualitative change, the way business is done and a new organization structure has emerged known as E business enterprise. E business enterprise enables employees, professionals, terms, groups, vendors, customers to perform business operations through electronic exchange of data and information anywhere at any time. The business operations are performed through E communication and collaboration initiatives. Therefore, E business enterprise has a global market, reach, source and global competition. Due to extensive use of technology, the enterprise is now called a digital firm. The business process are conducted through enterprise software like ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), SCM (Supply Chain Management) and CRM (Customer Relationship Management) supported by data warehouse, decision support system, knowledge management and content management system. Information Technology (IT) consists of computer hardware, software, data and storage technology, and networks along with the human resources required to operate the technology. The managers and employees directly interact with these systems, it is important for the company now and in the future that the information architecture and IT infrastructure meet the business requirements of the company and that the systems can work together where needed. An Information System (IS) as interrelated components that work together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization. An Inofrmation System (IS) can be any organised combination of people, hardware, software, communication networks, and data resources that stores and retrieves, transforms and disseminates information in an organization The Field of Information Systems encompasses many complex technologies abstract behavioral concepts, and specialized application in countless business and nonbusiness areas. The figure beside Illustrates a useful conceptual framework that organizes the knowledge presented in the text and outlines what you need to know about information system. For Detailed Information Students are requested to refer MIS by James A OBrien Page 6 7 This framework Outlines the Major areas of Information Systems Knowledge needed by business professionals The Three Major roles of the business applications of information systems. Information system provides an organization with support for business processes and operations, decision making, and competitive advantage Support Business Process and Operations: As a consumer, you regularly encounter information system that supports the business process and operations at the many retail stores where you shop. For example most retail stores now use computer based information system to help them record customer purchases, keep track of inventory, pay employees, buy new merchandise, and evaluate sales trends. Store operations would grind to a halt without the support of such information system Support Decision Making: Information System also help store managers and other business professionals make better decision. For Example, decisions on what lines of merchandise need to be added or discontinued, or on what kind of investment they require, are typically made after an analysis provide by computer based information systems. This not only supports the decision making of stores managers, buyers and other, but also helps them look for ways to gain an advantage over other retailers in the competition for customers. Support Competitive Advantage: Gaining a strategic advantage over competitors requires innovative application of information technologies. For example, store management might make a decision to install touch screen kiosks in all of their stores, with link to their e-commerce web site for online shopping. This might attract new customers and build customer loyalty because of the case of shopping and buying merchandise provide by such information system. Thus, strategic information systems can help provide products and services that give a business a comparative advantage over its competitors. DATA INFORMATION AND ITS ATTRIBUTES D:Projectsken pptslides imageslaudonf01-02.gif Data: Streams of raw facts representing events such as business transactions Information: Clusters of facts those are meaningful and useful to human beings in the processes such as making decisions The Features / Attributes / Characteristics of Information Improves representation of an entity Updates the level of Knowledge Has a surprise value Reduces uncertainty Aids in decision making Three activities in an information system produce the information that organizations need to make decision, control operations, analyze problem and create new products or services. These activities are input, processing and output. Input Captures or collects raw data from within the organization of from its external environment. Processing converts this raw input into a meaningful form. Output transfers the processed information to the people who will use it or to the activities for activities for which it will be used. Information system also require feedback, which is output that is returned to appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate or correct the input stageD:Ken ppt -Rituch2imageslaudonf01-03.gif CLASSIFICATION OF THE INFORMATION The information can be classified in a number of ways provide to a better understanding. John Dearden of Harvard University classifies information in the following manner. Action Versus No-action Information Recurring Versus Non-recurring information Internal Versus External Information Planning Information Control Information Knowledge Information Organizational Information Database information Functional or Operational information Action Versus No-action Information: The information which induces action is called as action information. The information which communicates only the status of a situation is a no-action information. No stock report calling a purchase action is an action information but the stock ledger showing the store transactions and the stock balance is a No-action information. Recurring versus non recurring information: The information generated at regular intervals is recurring information. The monthly sales reports, the stock statements, the trial balance, etc are recurring information. The financial analysis or the report on the market research study is non recurring information. Internal versus External information: the information generated through the internal sources of the organization is termed as an internal information, while the information generated through the government reports, the industry surveys, etc is termed as an external information, as the sources of the data are outside the organization. Planning information: certain standards, norms and specification are used in the planning of any activity. Hence, such information is called the planning information. The time standards, the operational standards, the design standards are the examples of the planning information. Control information: Reporting the status of an activity through a feedback mechanism is called the control information. When such information shows a deviation from the goal or the objective, it will induce a decision or an action leading to control. Knowledge Information: A collection of information through the library reports and the research studies to build up a knowledge base as an information source for decision making is known as knowledge information. Such a collection is not directly connected to decision making, but the need of knowledge is perceived as a power or a strength of the organization. Organization Information: When the information is used y everybody in the organization, it is called as organization information. Database Information: When the information has a multiple use and application, it is called the database information Functional or the operational information: When the information is used in the operations of a business it is called functional or the operational information. Module 2 Transaction processing systems (TPS) are basic business systems that serve the operational level of the organization by recording the daily routine transactions required to conduct business, such as payroll and sales receipts. Transactional Processing system is a computerized system that performs and records the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct business. Examples of TPS are order entry system, cheque processing system, accounts receivable systems, accounts payable systems and ticket reservation systems. These systems help any company to conduct operations and keep track of its activities. TPS was first developed in the year 1950s in accounting departments of major corporations. It is the oldest type of information system and can be called as the work horse of the information system industry for the last 50 years.D:Ken ppt -Rituch2imageslaudonf02-02.gif The principal purpose of systems at this level is to answer routine questions and to track the flow of transactions through the organization. How many parts are in inventory? What happened to Mr. Williams payment? To answer these kind of questions, information generally must be easily available, current, and accurate. At the operational level, tasks resources, and goals are predefined and highly structured. The decision to grant credit to a customer, for instance, is made by a lower level supervisor according to predefined criteria. All that must be determined is whether the customer meets the criteria H:mis10eimagesimg02_06.jpg The figure illustrated beside is transaction processing system. Managers need TPS to monitor the status of internal operations and the firms the external environment. TPS are also major producers of information for the other types of system TPS are often so central to a business that TPS failure for few hours can lead to a firms demise and perhaps that of other firms linked to it. Imagine what would the airlines do without their computerized reservation system? Transaction processing is the set of procedures for handling the transactions. Common Activities in transaction processing include: Calculation Classification Sorting Storage Summarization Types of Functional categories of TPS Systems D:Ken ppt -Rituch2imageslaudonf02-04.gif Management Information System The MIS has More than one Definition, some of which are given below: The MIS is defined as a system which provides information support for decision making in the organization. The MIS is defined as an integrated system of man and machine for providing the information to support the operations, the management and the decision making function in the organization. The MIS is defined as a system based on the database of the organization evolved for the purpose of providing information to the people in the organization. The MIS is defined as a computer based information system. It serve middle managers interests by providing current and historical performance information to aid in planning, controlling, and decision making at the management level. MIS typically compress TPS data to present regular reports on the companys basic operations. Middle Management needs systems to help with monitoring, controlling, decision making, and administrative activities. The principal question addressed by such systems is this: Are things working well? In any organization, small or big, a major portion of the time goes in data collection processing, documenting and communication it to the people. Hence, a major portion of the overheads goes into this kind of unproductive work in the organization. Every individual in an organization is continuously looking for some information which is needed to perform his / her task. Hence, the information is people oriented and it varies with the nature of the people in t he organization. Role of the Management Information System. The system ensures that an appropriate data is collected for the various sources, processed and sent further to all the need destinations. The system is expected to fulfill the information needs of an individual, a group of individuals, the management functionaries: the managers and the top management. The MIS satisfies the diverse needs through a variety of systems such as query systems, analysis system, modeling systems and decision support system MIS helps in strategic planning , management control, operational control and transactional processing The MIS helps the clerical personnel in the transaction processing and answers their queries on the data pertaining to the transaction, that status of a particular record and references on a variety of documents The MIS plays the role of information generation, communication, problem identification and helps in the process of decision making. The MIS, therefore, plays a vital role in the management, administration and operations of an organization. Decision Support systemH:mis10eimagesimg02_08.jpg DSS is an interactive computer based system which facilitates the solution of unstructured problem. Scott Morton Defined Decision Support system as Interactive computer based systems, which help decision makers utilize data and models to solve unstructured problem It supports non routine decision making for middle management. They focus on problems that are unique and rapidly changing, for which the procedure for arriving at a solution may not be fully predefined in advance. They try answering questions such as these: what would be the impact on production scheduled if we were to double sales in the month of December? What would happen to our return on investment if a factory schedule were delayed for six months? Although DSS are internal information from TPS and MIS they often bring in information from external sources, such as current stock prices or product prices of competitors. These systems use a variety of models to analyze data, or they condense large amounts of data into a form in which decision makers can analyze them. DSS Characteristics of DSS Ability to support the solution of complex problem Fast response to unexpected situations that result in changed inputs Designed to help support decisions that are formulated as semi structured, complex problems May be constructed to support one time decisions DSS is typically designed for either a particular decision maker or a group of decision makers Allows the decision makers to interact in a natural manner due to careful design of the interface It is a way to organize information intended for use in decision making Ability to quickly and objectively try different strategies under different configurations Other Characteristics: Cost Savings Improving managerial effectiveness Extensive range of support to management Support of individual / group Graphic Display Designed and run managers; incorporated data and models Attributes of Decision Support system Flexibility: The system are flexible so that any semi structured or unstructured decision making sitation can be tackled with ease and speed Simple models: The systems use simple models of decision making. The only change is that a different set of information is sought for the use of different models. The choice of a model depends upon the complexity of decision making Database: the decision support system needs database(s). The system calls for several inputs from database(s) from decision making. The use of information being common, input to the system is from the database Types of Decision Support System Status inquiry system: The number of decisions in the operational management and some at the middle management are such that they are based on one or two aspects of a decision making situations. It does not call for any elaborate computations, analysis, choice, etc. for decision making. If the status is known, the decision is automatic, i.e., the status and solution is unique relation Data analysis system: These Decision systems are based on comparative analysis, and use of a formula or an algorithm. But these processes are not structured and, therefore vary. The cash flow analysis, the inventory analysis and the personal inventory system are examples of the analysis systems. The use of simple data processing tools and business roles are required to develop this system. Information analysis system: In this system, the data is analyzed and information reports are generated. The reports might be having exceptions as a feature. The decision makers use these reports for assessment of the situation for decision making. The sales analysis, the accounts receivable systems, the market research analysis, the MRP systems are examples of the systems. Accounting System: These systems are not necessarily required for decision making but they are desirable to keep track of the major aspects of the business or a function. The contents of these systems are more data processing leading to formal reporting, with exceptions, if necessary. These systems account items such as cash, inventory, personnel and so on and relate it to a norm or norms developed by the management, for control and decision Model based systems: These systems are simulation model or optimization models for decisions making. These decisions, generally, are one time and infrequent and provide general guidelines for operation or management, the product mix decision, the material mix, the job scheduling rules, and the resource or asset or facilities planning systems are the examples. Executive Support System These are management information systems tailored to benefit the strategic information needs of the top management / senior executive. ESS summarizes and presents data at the highest levels of aggregation. Usually, they involve presenting reports in standard formats and they often involve graphics. ESS is the newest of the five categories of MIS. They have had the least acceptance of the five types. The reason being that most executives started their careers prior to widespread use of computer. Executive Support systems provide critical information from a wide variety of internal and external sources in easy to use displays to executives and managers. For example, top executive may use touch screen terminals to instantly view text and graphics displays that highlight key areas of organizational and competitive performance What are the characteristics of MIS? How do MIS differ from TPS? From DSS? MIS supports the management level by providing routine summary reports and exception reports for various purposes, including planning, controlling, and decision making. Examples include sales and profit per customer and per region, relocation summary and analysis, inventory control, capital investment analysis, and even a report on students who were here in the autumn but did not to return in the spring. MIS differs from TPS in that MIS deals with summarized and compressed data from the TPS and sometimes analysis of that summarized data. Decision-support systems provide material for analysis for the solution of semi-structured problems, which often are unique or rapidly changing. Typically, they provide the ability to do what if analysis. While MIS have an internal orientation, DSS will often use data from external sources, as well as data from TPS and MIS. DSS supports right now analysis rather than the long-term structured analysis of MIS. MIS are generally not flexible and provide little analytical capabilities. In contrast, DSS are designed for analytical purposes and are flexible. What are the characteristics of DSS? How do they differ from those of ESS? DSS provide sophisticated analytical models and data analysis tools to support semi structured and unstructured decision-making activities. DSS use data from TPS, MIS, and external sources, provide more analytical power than other systems, combine data, and are interactive. ESS support senior managers with unstructured strategic-level decision making. They may be less analytical than DSS with less use of models such as linear programming or forecasting. However, they often rely on external data and rely heavily on graphics. Describe the relationship between TPS, office systems, KWS, MIS, DSS, and ESS. The various types of systems in the organization exchange data with one another. TPS are a major source of data for other systems, especially MIS and DSS. TPS are operational-level systems that collect transaction data. Examples of these are payroll or order processing that track the flow of the daily routine transactions that are necessary to conduct business. TPS provide data that are required by office systems, KWS, MIS and DSS, although these systems may also use other data. KWS and office systems not only use data from TPS but also from MIS. DSS not only use data from TPS but also from KWS, office systems, and MIS. MIS rely heavily on data from TPS but also use data from KWS and office systems. ESS obtains most of their internal data from MIS and DSS.